• Database of studies: CAM-QUEST Database - includes more than 700 studies - http://www.cam-quest.org/en/search/therapies/?l1=403

Piltan D. et al. “Test of a homeopathic dilution of Aconitum napellus. A clinical, randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover study in healthy volunteers.” Forsch Komplementmed. 2009 Jun;16(3):168-73. Epub 2009 Jun 5. - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657201

Möllinger H, Schneider R, Walach H. “Homeopathic pathogenetic trials produce specific symptoms different from placebo.” Forsch Komplementmed. 2009 Apr;16(2):105-10. Epub 2009 Apr 9. - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19420956

Walach H, Möllinger H, Sherr J, Schneider R. “Homeopathic pathogenetic trials produce more specific than non-specific symptoms: results from two double-blind placebo controlled trials.” J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jul;22(5):543-52. - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18701641

Bornhöft G. et al. “Effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of homeopathy in general practice - summarized health technology assessment.” Forsch Komplementmed. 2006;13 Suppl 2:19-29. Epub 2006 Jun 26. – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16883077

• Database of studies: HomVetCR Database - Veterinary Clinical Research-Database in Homeopathy - includes about 300 studies - http://www.carstens-stiftung.de/clinresvet/index.php

Endler et al. “Treatment of lowland frogs from the spawn stage with homeopathically prepared thyroxin (10(-30)).” ScientificWorldJournal. 2007 Oct 22;7:1697-702. – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17982565

Camerlink I. et al. “Homeopathy as replacement to antibiotics in the case of Escherichia coli diarrhoea in neonatal piglets.” Homeopathy. 2010 Jan;99(1):57-62. – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20129177

Endler et al. “The effect of extremely diluted agitated gibberellic acid (10e-30) on wheat stalk growth-A two researcher pilot study.” Complement Ther Med. 2011 Jun;19(3):164-9. Epub 2011 May 20. – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21641523

Preclinical - basic research of homeopathy (eg. physico-chemical models) can not be in a true sense called homeopathy, because two of the three main pillars of homeopathy itself are not used here. Specifically, it is the similarity principle (like cures like) and the principle of symptoms totality. Similarly, so-called proovings (potentized drug testing in healthy subjects) are not used in pre-clinical research. Therefore, the results of these studies are useful in limited ways in daily clinical practice in humans. The main studied phenomenon in these experiments is a third pillar of homeopathy - principle of potentization (dynamization) of substances and its effects on living and non-living systems

• Database of experiments: HomBRex database - The Homeopathic Basic Research experiments database - includes more than 1700 experiments in 1300 papers - http://www.carstens-stiftung.de/hombrex

• Studies on cells and non-cellular systems

Witt et al.,2007 - sytematic review, 67 experiments from years 1966-2005, 1/3 replicated research - includes non-cellular systems (mostly enzymes), cell cultures, isolated cells (erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17544864

later studies:

Malarczyk, E. (2008) - “Kinetic changes in activity of HR-peroxidase, induced by very low doses of phenol”. Int J High Dil Res (2008), Vol. 7(23), pp. 3-11 (http://www.feg.unesp.br/~ojs/index.php/ijhdr/article/viewFile/37/349)

• Thermoluminescence

Rey L. (2003) - “Thermoluminescence of ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride and sodium chloride.” Physica A (2003), Vol. 323, pp. 67-74. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(03)00047-5)

van Wijk R et al. (2006) - “Thermoluminescence in ultra-high dilution research.” J Altern Complement Med. 2006 Jun;12(5):437-43.(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16813507)

Rey L. (2007) - “Can low-temperature thermoluminescence cast light on the nature of ultra-high dilutions?” Homeopathy (2007), Vol. 96(3), pp. 170-174. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17678813)

• Spectroscopy

Sukul et al. (2005) - FTIR - “Variation in Fourier transform infrared spectra of some homeopathic potencies and their diluent media. J Altern Complement Med. 2005 Oct;11(5):807-12. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16296914)

Rao et al. (2008) - UV spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy - “Characterization of the structure of ultra dilute sols with remarkable biological properties” Mater Lett. 2008 April 15; 62(10-11): 1487. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2822343/)

Bhattacharya et al. (2008) - different types - “In vitro studies demonstrate anticancer activity of an alkaloid of the plant Gelsemium sempervirens”. Exp Biol Med (2008), Vol. 233(12), pp. 1591-1601. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18997108)

Botha I, Ross AH. (2008) - MRI spectroscopy - “A nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy comparison of 3C trituration derived and 4C trituration derived remedies”. Homeopathy. 2008 Oct;97(4):196-201. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19371568)

de Alvarenga et al. (2009) - 13C MRI spectroscopy - “Effect of Magnesium phosphoricum 12c on Sodium Dodecylsulphate by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance”. Int J High Dil Res (2009), Vol. 8(26), pp. 3-8 (http://www.feg.unesp.br/~ojs/index.php/ijhdr/article/view/324/379)

Sharma A., Purkait B. (2009) - UV spectroscopy - “Energy in Commercially Available Ultra-Diluted Natural Cardiotropic Drug Digitalis purpurea: An UV Spectroscopic Study. Research Journal of Pharmacology, 3: 58-62. (http://medwelljournals.com/abstract/?doi=rjpharm.2009.58.62)

Sharma A. et al. (2010) - FTIR, Raman spectroscopy - “Identification of medicinally active ingredients in ultradiluted Digitalis purpurea. FTIR and Raman spectroscopic studies.” Medicinal Chemistry Research, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 643–651, 2010.(http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00044-009-9219-3)

Marschollek et al. (2010) - UV spectroscopy - “Effects of exposure to physical factors on homeopathic preparations as determined by ultraviolet light spectroscopy”. Scientific World J (2010), Vol. 10, pp. 49-81 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20062950)

Wolf et al. (2011) - UV spectroscopy - “Homeopathic Preparations of Quartz, Sulfur and Copper Sulfate Assessed by UV-Spectroscopy.” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:692798. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19474239)

Sharma A., Purkait B. (2012) - Florescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltametry- “Identification of Medicinally Active Ingredient in Ultradiluted Digitalis purpurea: Fluorescence Spectroscopic and Cyclic-Voltammetric Study.” Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, vol. 2012, Article ID 109058, 5 pages, 2012. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/109058)

Negative findings:

Aabel et al. (2001) - 1H MRI spectroscopy, T1 relaxation times- “Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of homeopathic solutions.” Br Homeopath J. 2001 Jan;90(1):14-20. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11212083)

Anick DJ. (2004) - 1H MRI spectroscopy- “High sensitivity 1H-NMR spectroscopy of homeopathic remedies made in water.” BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Nov 1;4:15. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC534805/)

• Electron microscopy

proof of original substance nanoparticles, even in extreme dilutions

Chikramane et al. (2010) - “Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: A nanoparticulate perspective”. Homeopathy (2010), Vol. 99(4), pp. 231-242. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20970092)

Chikramane et al. (2012) - “Why extreme dilutions reach non-zero asymptotes: a nanoparticulate hypothesis based on froth flotation.” Langmuir. 2012 Nov 13;28(45):15864-75. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23083226)

• Magnetic resonance

changes of relaxation times

Demangeat et al. (2004) - “Low-field NMR water proton longitudinal relaxation in ultrahighly diluted aqueous solutions of silica-lactose prepared in glass material for pharmaceutical use”. Appl Magn Reson (2004), Vol. 26, pp. 465-481 (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03166577)

Demangeat J-L. (2009) - “NMR water proton relaxation in unheated and heated ultrahigh aqueous dilutions of histamine: Evidence for an air-dependent supramolecular organization of water.” Journal of Molecular Liquids, 144:32-39 (http://www.homeopathyeurope.org/media/news/Demangeat_JML_2009.pdf/view)

Baumgartner S. et al. (2009) - “High-field 1H T1 and T2 NMR relaxation time measurements of H2O in homeopathic preparations of quartz, sulfur, and copper sulfate.” Naturwissenschaften, vol. 96, pp. 1079–1089, 2009. (http://www.springerlink.com/content/044012g3574214m1/)

Demangeat, J.L. (2010) - “NMR relaxation evidence for solute-induced nanosized superstructures in ultramolecular aqueous dilutions of silica-lactose” J Molecular Liquids (2010), Vol. 155 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2010.05.010)

Negative findings:

Aabel et al. (2001) - T1 relaxation times, 1H MR spectroscopy- “Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of homeopathic solutions.” Br Homeopath J. 2001 Jan;90(1):14-20. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11212083)

Milgrom et al. (2001) - T2 relaxation times - there are no differences between diluted and potentized substances- “On the investigation of homeopathic potencies using low resolution NMR T2 relaxation times.” Brit Hom J (2001), Vol. 90(1), pp. 5-13 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11212090)

• Calorimetry, conductivity, potentiometry

Elia V, Niccoli M (1999) - “Thermodynamics of extremely diluted aqueous solutions.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 879:241–248 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10415834)

Petrov SI, Epstein OI. (2003) - “Effect of potentiated solutions on mercury(II) signal in inversion voltammetry.” Bull Exp Biol Med. 2003 Jan;135 Suppl 7:99-101. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1024707519510)

Elia V, Niccoli M (2004)- “New physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 75: 815–836 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JTAN.0000042179.07858.c8)

Elia et al. (2004) - “Permanent physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions of homeopathic medicines.” Homeopathy, Volume 93, Issue 3, Pages 144-150. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2004.04.004)

Elia et al. (2004) - “New physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions: A calorimetric and conductivity study at 25°C.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 78: 331–342.

Elia et al. (2005)- “Hydrohysteretic phenomena of “extremely diluted solutions” induced by mechanical treatments. A calorimetric and conductometric study at 25 °C.” Journal of Solution Chemistry, 34:947–960 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10953-005-6258-3)

Elia et al. (2006) - “Extremely diluted solutions as multi-variable systems. A study of calorimetric and conductometric behaviour as function of the parameter time.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 84:317–323 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-005-7266-7)

Elia et al. (2008)- “New Physico-Chemical Properties of Extremely Dilute Solutions. A Conductivity Study at 25 °C in Relation to Ageing.” Journal of Solution Chemistry, 37:85-96 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10953-007-9215-5)

Elia et al. (2008) - “On the stability of extremely diluted aqueous solutions at high ionic strength - A calorimetric study at 298 K.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 92:643-648 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-8840-y)

Belon et al. (2008) - “Conductometric and calorimetric studies of the serially diluted and agitated solutions. On the combined anomalous effect of time and volume parameters.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 93, 459-469 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-8580-z)

Elia et al. (2008) - “Physico-chemical properties of aqueous extremely diluted solutions in relation to ageing.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 93:1003-1011 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-8843-8)

Holandino et al. (2008) - “Modeling physical-chemical properties of high dilutions”. Int J High Dil Res (2008), Vol. 7(25), pp. 165-173 (http://www.feg.unesp.br/~ojs/index.php/ijhdr/article/viewFile/319/375)

Elia et al. (2010) - “Thermodynamic parameters for the binding process of the OH− ion with the dissipative structures. Calorimetric and conductometric titrations.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Online First™, 11 April 2010 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-010-0757-1)

Garcia et al. (2010) - “Physical chemical and citotoxic evaluation of highly diluted solutions of Euphorbia tirucalli L. prepared through the fifty milesimal homeopathic method”. Int J High Dil Res (2010), Vol. 9(31) (http://www.feg.unesp.br/~ojs/index.php/ijhdr/article/viewFile/383/439)

• Biocrystallization

Baumgartner S. et al. (2012) - “Development of a Biocrystallisation Assay for Examining Effects of Homeopathic Preparations Using Cress Seedlings.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2012, Article ID 125945, 14 pages, 2012. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/125945)

• Kirlian effect

Bell et al. (2003) - “Gas discharge visualisation evaluation of ultramolecular doses of homeopathic medicines under blinded, controlled conditions.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 9:25–38. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12676033)

Peters et al. (2009) - “Biophoton emission in high-potency research on wheat seed models”. Eur J Integr Med (2009), Vol. 1(4) (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876382009001711#)

Assumpcao, R. (2008) - “Electrical impedance and HV plasma images of high dilutions of sodium chloride”. Homeopathy (2008), Vol. 97(3), pp. 129-133(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657771)